Literature Review Of Essential Oils And Aromatherapy Nursing Essay

Literature Review Of Essential Oils And Aromatherapy Nursing Essay Aromatherapy is perhaps the most increasingly popular Complementary and Alternative Medicine in this century. It is suitable for both physiologically and psychologically problems. Research and several studies have looked at the variety benefits of essential oils and aromatherapy in our life. Aromatherapy can improve the quality of life and it can promote physical, mental and spiritual well-being. Much of this research has focus in benefit of aromatherapy and essential oils. Benefits of Aromatherapy: According to Life Mojo Team (2009) suggested that aromatherapy connect the physical and emotional effects of massage within the medical and psychotherapeutic properties of essential oils. Aromatherapy relieves physical pain, exchange personal mood, reduces stress and heal the body. A essential oils is a liquid that distilled from the leaves, stems, flowers, bark, roots or others elements of plants. It is used in various ways such as bathing, massage, inhalations and compresses. They argued that these can be advantageous for healing physical pain in muscle as well as calming anxiety and easing other negative emotions. The chief focuses of this article are the benefits of Aromatherapy which are increasing muscle relaxation and tone. It can lower blood pressure, reduce stress level and it can be relieved tension headaches. It can be decreased constipation and abdominal spasm and helps womens problems such as PMS (Premenstrual syndrome) and menopausal. Emotions like anxiety and depressio n can be alleviating. The essential oils like lavender can relief dry, smooth and inflamed skin. Blending essential oils likes lavender and rosemary can help in relaxation and anxiety in palliative care. However, essential oils should be avoided from pregnancy women, people with hypertension (high blood pressure) and cancel people who receiving chemotherapy. Health Benefits of Aromatherapy Essential Oils: According to Kate Le Page (2010), Aromatherapy provides relief from mental, physical and emotional health problems. At this point, Farrer-Halls (2005) agree with Life Mojo Team (2009) that essential oils reduce stress and anxiety, decrease the likelihood of skin irritation and increase the benefits of healing properties. Therefore, Kate Le Page (2010) suggested that blending oils such as Lavender and Sandalwood improve sleeping. Also, essential oils are useful in cooking such as in small amounts to flavor foods, drinks and toothpaste. Benefits of Aromatherapy and Essential Oils: However,  Michael Vincent (2009) suggested that aromatherapy oils can be effectiveness in sports injuries, as a result people having the facility to perform in sports of their selection activity. Therefore he argued that the concentrated of essential oils are both physical and emotional in the body likes facial oils which are helping people to chill both mind and soul. Essential oils access into blood and can effectiveness both beauty and health. On the other hand some oils can be harmful to the human skin due to the fact that they will be irritating your skin. 7 Essential Benefits of Aromatherapy: Moreover some of the more valuable work of this kind, like Ramos (2010), identifies the top seven benefits that occur from using aromatherapy. Initially aromatherapy using rosemary essential oil can improve the mood and offer feelings of satisfaction. Also through essential oils the complementary therapy can actually induce calm, relaxation, and a deep sleep for a refreshed feeling in the morning. One more advantage of aromatherapy, with applying essential oils, is to improve complexion, by providing anti-inflammatory benefits to decrease dryness, irritation and calm red and rough skin. A professional complementary therapy treatment using gingers and peppermints properties can guarantee a relief of chronic asthma. Utilizing aromatherapy we can treat nausea and stomach problems. Particularly it targets to the first stage of digestion and is creating an instant reaction to flow digestive juices, in order to ease a number of stomach problems. Furthermore at the point that aromatherapy h elps reducing the symptoms of PMS, Ramos (2010) agrees  with the view  of   Lifemojo Team(2009), whose article is  stated above. Specifically he argues that aromatherapy methods, like aromatic baths or a massage with essential oils can reduce the symptoms of Premenstrual syndrome. Finally the seventh more important advantage of aromatherapy, according to Ramos (2010), is that it helps to get rid of a bladder infection. A bladder infection can be treated promptly using the essential oils and pressing over the bladder or taking aromatic bath with essential oils. To sum up these articles are providing the benefits of Aromatherapy and essential oils. Aromatherapy is a Complementary therapy that uses plant materials, known as essential oils. It is suitable for both physiologically and psychologically problems. An essential oil is a liquid that distilled from leaves, flowers and other elements of a plant. It alleviate a variety of mental and physical health conditions and it also reduce stress levels. Although Life Mojo Team (2009), Kate Le Page (2010), Michael Vincent (2009) and Ramos (2010) present their opinions about the benefits of aromatherapy and essential oils, there is  scope  here for  more  research that. Do you believe that Aromatherapy helps people with cancer?

Acting And Facial Expression In Animation

Acting And Facial Expression In Animation Our body never stop moving, no matter we are sitting, taking a rest or sleeping, our body and face keep doing different actions even it is small and unobtrusive. We have many different actions in our daily life. We can obtain different messages in these actions. For example humans feelings, characters, health, signal from others or even read peoples mind. There is so much information covert in acting and facial expression, but what about in animation? Animation started with no dialog and sound. To define animation, it imitates everything move in reality word, it can also create some things does not exist and even impossible by your imagination. To create a good animation, you need to study everything which can move no matter it is organic or inorganic. Also the speed of different objects: Speed up, slow down and the rhythm. That is the basic animation sense. Aim This study is concerned with a communication that beyond dialog in animation Acting and Facial Expression. Acting means all action, body language and facial expression. Animators always use them to present characters personality and the story in animation. The reason I choose acting and facial expression is because it is an international language in communication. Animation is always present with dialog, especially in long animation. Sometimes, facial expression and some small actions can express more messages to the audience and to deliver it faster than dialog. Without dialog, audience will focus on characters action and facial expression, it provides audience with more imagination and better in accordance with the animation significance. I will not say acting and facial expression can replace dialog, but I am going to prove that they are the better tools to communicate with audience in animation. Research Method The topic is closely related with my area of practice 3D animation. It is useful for me to produce and learn animation. From the research in this study, I can obtain more knowledge in human anatomy and the meaning and message in different action. These can support me to produce a more professional animation and improve my animation skills. I am going to research different animations, movies, television commercial which without dialog, to disassemble their script, characters acting and camera design, especially with the reference Tom and Jerry. In the other hand, I will compare them with some movies and animations which with dialog, for example: Ted, Mr. Bean and Pixars animations. Also I will research books about body language, facial expression and animation theory to support my study. Structure In my dissertation, I am going to divide it into five parts. After introduction, it is a chapter about acting in animation. I will start to define what are acting and body language first, to establish a basic knowledge with them. Second I will find out the relationship between acting and characters, storytelling and music. It is a very important part to research how acting affects these elements in animation. Third I will find out how animators animate inorganic things, how can acting gives them life and personality. Finally, I will have a case study of Tom and Jerry to research the relationship of acting and dialog, also compare their impact. In the next chapter facial expression in animation, I will research what is facial expression and how it talks. There are more than thousands facial expression we have, but what do they means? Can they show our minds? Besides, I will find out the relationship between facial expression and characters and storytelling. In chapter four communication beyond dialog, after studying acting and facial expression. I am going to find out what the impacts of dialog in communication are and compare it with acting and facial expression. Then I will prove how acting and facial expression give imaginations and demonstrate how they communicate with audience. Finally, I will find out in animation, are acting and facial expression an aid, strengthen or a necessary elements? And the final chapter is a summary. 2. Acting and Facial Expression 2.1. Acting and body language We express ourselves, communicate to others, show others our minds and ideas through action. Also, we always try to obtain and understand different meanings or messages through other peoples action, even our pets and other animals. Acting means all actions created by living things, a strong action can communicate a lot. To research actions, I start to study the nature of actions and I find out there are five basic actions we have since we are born inborn actions, discovered actions, absorbed actions, trained actions and mixed actions. When we are a baby, we already have our instinctive actions. A baby knows how to smile and suckle mothers breast to get food, even they never saw them before. These are inborn actions. Discovered actions mean we discover them from ourselves through our experience and our environment. People cross their arms or legs in the world, it helps us to keep warm, take a rest or protect ourselves. There is also an example of discovered actions sex. Absorbed actions are the actions we learn and copy from others. In a society, we want to get into a group no matter we are studying or working. We try to imitate their actions and the words they use. For trained actions, we need to practice and teach by the others, like swimming, dancing and cycling. Finally, mixed actions are special, we push further and mix the actions we learnt by discovering and studying new things. When we communicate to others, dialog is not the only way. Actions show our background, character and our inner thoughts. We can deliver messages to others, it is a body language. Body language is the earliest language we know, everyone know how to use it. We cry to draw our parents attention when we are a baby. We use body language everyday even sometimes we did not realize them. Following different peoples research, we can now discover many secret of our body and how they talks. For examples our body angles, body shift and when we touch ourselves. There are too many body languages and I cannot cover them all, but I am going to find them out in different animations and movies, see how those animators use them to create their characters and story. 2.2. Facial expression Acting means all body languages and facial expressions. Besides the research on acting, I want to analysis facial expression individually, because it is a main tool to communicate beside body language. We have come to know the face so well because it is so important to us; in fact, it is the center of our entire emotional life. From birth to death, the face links us to friends, to family, to everyone meaningful to us. (Gary Faigin, 1990s). Facial expression is the motion of our face muscles under the skin. There are many emotions we have and we always express them by different movement of our facial features. We less expressed our emotion by only use one facial features, it always comes up with mix. Do facial expressions universally recognizable? By Paul Ekman, he researched that there are six categories of facial expression are certain universal: sadness, anger, joy, fear, disgust and surprise. We can find these faces every day on the people we meet, but how much can we tell from our face? 2.3. How facial expression talks? This research will not cover all categories of facial expression, but I will analysis some of them which appear in animation and our daily life. On our face, eyes and mouth are the facial features that have the most movable range. Other than ears and nose, sometimes they can convey emotions individually. As the research of eyes, our eyes movement and angles have different messages in them, different angles show our feelings and thinking. Combine with our eyebrows, they can have so many changes. When we communicate to others, like we speak with our friends, colleagues or even in an interview, eye contacts become a very important tool. With our words, a firm eye contact can display our confidence, fascination, serious and respect. Opposite, hesitancy and unstable eyes will show that we are nervous and inattentive. It has the same effect when we listen to others. We will also use our eyes to give signal to others. For example: in a situation which we cannot speak or in a basketball game, eyes used to show our feelings or to direct others. In animation, we can only obtain messages from the image, we do not understanding the environment sometimes. Characters eyes will become the director for the audience in this moment. Certainly, eyes are the tool to show characters status like tired. Mouth is a special feature, besides eat and speak, it is the best facial feature to present joy. We can find joy or sadness for peoples mouth easily, but what else? When we feel nervous, uncomfortable and scare, we always tighten up our lips, it can let us relieve some of our pressure. And when we feel disgust, we will distort our lips, but everyone has different shape in this, it is always appear in comedy. Apart from that, a sinister smile is always a good characteristic for creating a bad character. After research on our facial features, I go on to find out more relationship of facial expression and animation. 3. Acting and Facial Expression in Animation 3.1. Acting with characters, storytelling and music In an animation, we receive messages from different elements such as characters, storytelling and music, but what are their relationships with acting. With the characters outlook, we can obtain much information of him, her or it- age, sex, work, power and physique. These are the basic information, but acting can gives more or makes different. For example: characters personality, attitude, status, ability and experience. Acting also shows the forces of gravity of the world in the story through characters movement. I found a short animation as examples One more beer! to show how acting and body language influence characters. In One more beer, it is a very short animation and only has one character, one scene and one camera. In the beginning, a man that looks big, boorish and strong sits down in the bar. He gives a fierce face and asks for something. We notice that he is a fierce man and want a big cup of beer immediately, but the bartender gives him a small cup and pink colours beer. The fierce man gets angry, the bartender gives him a small umbrella and put it in the beer. At that time, the fierce man change to a naive man and drinks that small beer like a child. A big man and a small pink beer form a big contrast. Audience got cheated from his outlook in the beginning, thought that he must reject that small beer. However, he loves that. All of these are depend on acting. Dont just do something, story is the difference between animating a character walking across the room, and having it walk the last mile to the electric chair. The story context will affect the way a character moves, acts and talks. (Nancy Beiman, Animated Performance, Page 4). Undoubtedly, acting and story influence each other in every animation. It delivers messages to audience. Sometimes a small action can leave thread or cheat audience. Also, acting can shows characters feelings, emotion and the relationship between characters. To research storytelling and acting, I found an animation Defective Detective. It does not have dialog, but it is good at storytelling. The main characters of this animation are a detective and an old woman. The detective is a hero of the city, but he is trouble in a case with a butcher. One night, he finds something wrong on his upstairs. He thinks that is the butcher, and the butcher is hurting the old woman. He clamps up and wants to shot down the butcher, but finally it is just his misunderstanding. The animation shows the situation of the detective and the old woman parallel, they have not seen each other until the end. The old women are just cooking tomato soups, but the detective thinks that the butcher are killing her, it is all come from his fantasy only. The animator use 2D animation to express his fantasy, we can find that the detective are stupid and impulsive. The most interesting and meaningful part I think is the end and I want to explain those small actions in detail. In the end, they drink the soup together, but someone scream from outside again. The detective stands up and pick up his gun to show he wants to help. However the old woman uses the spoon hit his hand and point to the chair, these actions mean she told him to sit down and do not get misunderstanding anymore. He sits down immediately and shake his hand and drink a spoon of soup, to show her do not worry and he will listen to her. In the final shot, he takes a look of outside, it shows that he still confusing. This time he is right, there are many crimes happening in the building. It is very meaningful in just these few seconds, the animator is good at acting and storytelling. Other than characters and storytelling, the relationship of acting and music is more special. Acting always follows the rhythm of the music, especially in animations which do not have dialog. Acting can strengthen and bring out the feelings of the music, and music can also strengthen characters emotion and acting. Both of them can be the lead. The most famous example is Fantasia from Disney. In Fantasia, there are seven animations in this film and this film created three relationships of music and animation. First kind, it use music to tells a define story. Second kind, it is no specific plot but just follow the rhythm and create the image. Third kind, to create an animation that exists for the music. The most famous part of Fantasia is The Sorcerers Apprentice. It only uses the original music for the animation, no any sound effects and dialog. It is just like a visual music concert. 3.2. Facial expression with characters and storytelling Facial expression is an important element to help a character to create its personality and express their emotions. For me, a character which has the richest facial expression and most impressive, he must be Mr. Bean Rowan Atkinson. He is not an animation character, but he is a really special performer which good at impress on acting. In 2002, Mr. Bean came up with an animated television series. It is based on the live action series of the same name and it is a minority example. Why Mr. Bean can success? I am going to find out some reasons with it. Mr. Bean is a comedy written and starring by Rowan Atkinson. Rowan Atkinson created Mr. Bean and described him as A child in a grown mans body. Bean less speaks, he always uses his body languages and facial expressions to convey himself. Sometimes he will speak something people do not understand, but within his voice tone and acting we can find out what he tries to present. He spends a lot of time with his best friend Teddy (A bear toy) and he helps Teddy to act. In both live action and animated series, Mr. Bean is a story around Beans daily life and some interesting incident. To describe Rowan Atkinsons face, he has big, clear and significant facial features. Also, combine with his changeable facial expressions, it impress on audience mind. In Mr. Bean animation, animators keep Beans characteristics and style. They even enlarge his facial features and exaggerate his acting. It shows that acting and facial expressions are identity of Mr. Bean. In the same time, that is one of a big r eason why Mr. Bean success. To research on the relationship between facial expression and storytelling, I found a special example Kuleshov Effect. It is a montage film editing effect and discovered by Lev Kuleshov which is a Russian filmmaker. It is an experiment to create reaction with editing, Lev Kuleshov wants to test if a face with no expression and fill in different objects or environment, what will audience think? He made a short movie with six shots. Also, he found three shots with different environment and put the same shot with one actor in front of them. The actors name is Ivan Mozzhukhin, he actually looking at nothing, he does not know what will they edit to when they are shooting at him. He did not express any emotion and that is what Lev Kuleshov wants, we cannot see any emotion on Ivan Mozzhukhin by only watching his face. Audience can only base on the environment along to infer his emotion. The viewers will think that the actor has different reactions and emotions, but actually they come from our own minds. We will admire the actors acting and do not realize it is affected by the scene. So does it mean facial expression is not important? Just the opposite, in Kuleshov Effect, audience will obtain different emotions of the actor only by their experience and imaginations. This effect just right to tell us where are the source of message that received by audience. Within facial expression and storytelling, audience can receive the messages exactly from the creator and understand the inter-relationships between characters. 4. Animation Comedy You get to be an impish God. You get to reform the world. You get to take the piss out of it. You turn it upside down, inside out. You bug out eyes. You put moustaches on Mona Lisas. You change the world and have for a brief moment a bit of control over it. At least you get to humiliate it for a moment, and thats what all cartoonists get their kicks from! (Paul Wells, interview in February 1995) Paul Wells described how to create a comedy. In creating comedy, we can become a naughty god and change the world to whatever we want. Comedy is a tool for people to relax and release their pressure from a custumal world. We must break and challenge the rules. After the initial study of Mr. Bean, I go on to research on animation comedy. I want to know more about how acting and facial expression influences animation comedy. 4.1. Case study Tom and Jerry Tom and Jerry is a famous animation start from 1940s, every chapter is short but expressing a story individually. It is just a story start from a cat and a mouse, but why can it success and enduring to show? With the research in last part, I start to analysis Tom and Jerry. Cats chasing mouse, everyone knows it, because it is the natural instinct of cats. It is a good and simple design in characters and story. However in Tom and Jerry, people always want Jerry wins and he does in the story. I think the reason is because their personality and relationships, it express from their acting. Tom is an arrogance cat and to be opinionated, he always thinks that he is the one. Jerry is cunning, but it is stems from the need for self-preservation, He is a kind mouse and always saves others who Tom is bullying. Tom always thinks he is the clever one and bully others, Jerry always takes him down because he is the real clever one. We will love to see this because to take down someone who is arrogance and to be opinionated is funny, as we want to do that in our reality society. Sometimes they are enemy, sometimes they are friend when they are facing difficulty or having the same enemy. We love to see that too. Storytelling is a big reason that why Tom and Jerry success. They have many reasons to fight in every chapter, not just about cats chasing mouse. Sometimes it is because Tom is hungry, the order from Toms master, revenge, misunderstanding, they want the same thing, enjoy to torture others or the third person get involved. Tom and Jerry less using dialog, it will be only used in they must need it to express or describe story to audience. Acting becomes the only way to communicate with audience. The master of Tom is a character who always have dialog, it is always used by the third person or radio too, Tom and Jerry almost do not talk. We can always find many exaggerated and violent acting in Tom and Jerry. Everything around the environment can be their weapons: tables, chairs, dishes, planks sometimes they even use guns, bombs and poisons. These become the way to attract audience and make them laugh, also the signature of Tom and Jerry. Music is an important character in Tom and Jerry too, it is always used to strengthen acting and deliver their emotions. Music can increase the atmosphere of comedy with the big contrast, for example: a classic music and an obtuse cat. In some case, Tom and Jerrys body will become a music instrument and play music with their acting. You can also find some chapters which are base on music to create their story. All of these are the basic analysis of Tom and Jerry. I also want to describe some examples which are impressive and creative to see how it has good use of acting. In Puss and Boats, Tom is a mariner. The story starts from Toms ship laying down their commodity. There is a big box of cheeses with a gap. In this time, Jerry is sleeping, but the smell of cheese becomes a hand and flies to find him. The hand removes Jerry from the bed and opens his eye, but Jerry is still sleeping and the picture in his eyeball shows he is eating a cheese. It shows Jerry is eating a cheese in his dream, and it is a special skill by using facial expression. Then, the hand wakes him up and shows him where are the cheese. When Jerry gets ready to get it, the hand stop him and point to somewhere because Tom is nearing there to protect those commodity. The acting of the hand is not just expressing the smell of cheese, it is only use useful to Jerry and only he can see this, because mice love cheese. The hand shows the natural of mouse, to find cheese and be careful with cats. The animator use a hand to present the relationship of cheese, mouse and cat, not just shows Je rry smell cheese and wake up. It is creative and well use on acting with character and storytelling. In a short section of Mice Follies, Tom is chasing Jerry and his friend in a small indoor skating rink. When Tom try to stop and catch them, he keeping slipping in the same place because of the ice. He keeps increasing his speed to move but still cannot move on. Coordinate with his acting, is a fast beat drums hit. With this situation, it created a very funny image. That is more effective by only using acting to present. It is a common comedy skill we can always find in Tom and Jerry. To describe other example of music in Tom and Jerry, I found The Cat Concerto. In this chapter, Tom is a pianist. He woke up Jerry when he was playing piano in a concert. Then they start to fight. The story is totally following the music to develop. In the whole animation, they never stop playing the piano while they are fighting. Even Tom gets hurt or stop to play, Jerry will keep playing to keep the concerto go on. Every part of the piano becomes their battlefield. Every time the music starts rapidly, they will have a strong conflict. It is a really accurate story design, the animator use music to imagine the story. Even a shears become a music instrument, Jerry want to cut Toms finger when he is playing piano. However, Tom hides it, the sounds of shears merges with the music. Finally, Jerry plays the piano from its inside to try to push Tom to follow it. Tom exhausts all his effort to follow, but his formal dress is totally rotten. In the end, Jerry wears a formal dress to curtain call. That presented a cat chasing mouse story with a very interesting and creative way. At the same time, it is a good example how acting cooperate To summarize, Tom and Jerry is an impressive and successful animation which use acting and the elements of animation effectively. It is a good example to shows us the importance of acting in animation. 5. Communication beyond dialog 5.1. Dialog in communication Actions speak louder than words, When we communicate only 7 per cent of the communication depends on verbal communication and the rest goes towards the non verbal communication. Of the 93 per cent- 38 percent is for voice modulation and 55 per cent is for body language.(ProfessorÂÂ  M. S. Rao, Soft Skills Enhancing Employability: Connecting Campus with Corporate, Page14). 6. Conclusions

Arrogance in Oedipus and Cocteaus Infernal Machine Essay -- compariso

Arrogance in Oedipus and Cocteau's Infernal Machine   Ã‚  Ã‚   The myth of Oedipus dates back centuries. Overtime a myth changes in many ways as each author or orator presents their own version. The main plot usually remains intact, but authors add their own style to the tragic story. In the case of Sophocles' Oedipus the King and Jean Cocteau's Infernal Machine both authors focus on the arrogant nature of Oedipus. Since this quality ultimately has destructive powers, the relationships Oedipus has with other characters demonstrates this arrogance. Although, the two authors portray Oedipus in different ways to emphasize their different themes both use the relationship between Oedipus and Teiresias to demonstrate Oedipus' arrogant nature. In both plays, this arrogance manifests in Oedipus' rejection of the prophet Teiresias. However, the two playwrights differ greatly in the relationship between these two characters. Cocteau's Oedipus immediately disrespects Teiresias' prophecy. This rejection of the prophecy and warnings of Teiresias emphasizes his theme of malevolent gods. Equivalently, in Sophocles' version of the myth, the denial of Teiresias demonstrates the main theme of the destructive nature of arrogance. Instead of the gods holding him back, Oedipus' own pride does not allow him to believe Teiresias. Oedipus believes that he is above everything and everyone. Just as in Cocteau, he even believes that he can defy the gods and disregard fate. In Sophocles version of the myth, the denial of Teiresias does not occur right instantly. At first, Oedipus regards the prophet Teiresias in the proper, respectful manner. Oedipus greets him by exclaiming, "My lord, in you alone we find a champion, in you alone one that can rescu... ...uture. They provide him with numerous hints regarding the impending doom that hangs in the atmosphere. However, Oedipus' arrogance blinds him to the truth of his situation and leads to his ultimate demise. Works Cited and Consulted Abrams, M. H. A Glossary of Literary Terms, 7th ed. New York: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1999. Benardete, Seth. â€Å"Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus.† In Sophocles: A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by Thomas Woodard. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966. Cocteau, Jean. (1963). The Infernal Machine in The Infernal Machine and other plays. (A. Bermal, Trans.) New York: New Directions Publishing Corporation. Nagle, Brendan D.   The Ancient World: A Cultural and Social History. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1979. Sophocles. (1991). Oedipus the King in Sophocles I. (G. David, Trans.) Chicago:University of Chicago Press.    Arrogance in Oedipus and Cocteau's Infernal Machine Essay -- compariso Arrogance in Oedipus and Cocteau's Infernal Machine   Ã‚  Ã‚   The myth of Oedipus dates back centuries. Overtime a myth changes in many ways as each author or orator presents their own version. The main plot usually remains intact, but authors add their own style to the tragic story. In the case of Sophocles' Oedipus the King and Jean Cocteau's Infernal Machine both authors focus on the arrogant nature of Oedipus. Since this quality ultimately has destructive powers, the relationships Oedipus has with other characters demonstrates this arrogance. Although, the two authors portray Oedipus in different ways to emphasize their different themes both use the relationship between Oedipus and Teiresias to demonstrate Oedipus' arrogant nature. In both plays, this arrogance manifests in Oedipus' rejection of the prophet Teiresias. However, the two playwrights differ greatly in the relationship between these two characters. Cocteau's Oedipus immediately disrespects Teiresias' prophecy. This rejection of the prophecy and warnings of Teiresias emphasizes his theme of malevolent gods. Equivalently, in Sophocles' version of the myth, the denial of Teiresias demonstrates the main theme of the destructive nature of arrogance. Instead of the gods holding him back, Oedipus' own pride does not allow him to believe Teiresias. Oedipus believes that he is above everything and everyone. Just as in Cocteau, he even believes that he can defy the gods and disregard fate. In Sophocles version of the myth, the denial of Teiresias does not occur right instantly. At first, Oedipus regards the prophet Teiresias in the proper, respectful manner. Oedipus greets him by exclaiming, "My lord, in you alone we find a champion, in you alone one that can rescu... ...uture. They provide him with numerous hints regarding the impending doom that hangs in the atmosphere. However, Oedipus' arrogance blinds him to the truth of his situation and leads to his ultimate demise. Works Cited and Consulted Abrams, M. H. A Glossary of Literary Terms, 7th ed. New York: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1999. Benardete, Seth. â€Å"Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus.† In Sophocles: A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by Thomas Woodard. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966. Cocteau, Jean. (1963). The Infernal Machine in The Infernal Machine and other plays. (A. Bermal, Trans.) New York: New Directions Publishing Corporation. Nagle, Brendan D.   The Ancient World: A Cultural and Social History. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1979. Sophocles. (1991). Oedipus the King in Sophocles I. (G. David, Trans.) Chicago:University of Chicago Press.   

Charles W. Chestnutts The Marrow of Tradition Essay examples -- Chest

Charles W. Chestnutt's The Marrow of Tradition      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Clearly, one can expect differing critical views of a novel; from the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   author's perspective we see one view, from a publisher's another, and from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   the reviewer's yet another. This is especially true of Charles W.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chesnutt's   The Marrow of Tradition. If one observes both the contemporary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   reviews of the novel and letters exchanged between Chesnutt and his   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   friends and publisher, Houghton, Mifflin, and Co., one will see the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   disparity in opinions regarding the work. Chesnutt himself felt the work   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   was of at least good quality, and remarked often of its significant   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   purpose in letters to Booker T. Washington, Houghton, Mifflin, Isaiah B.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Scott, and William H. Moody. Reviewers, too, were able to see the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "purpose" of the novel as a significant one as evidenced by reviews in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chautauquan, the New York Times, The Literary World, Nation, and New York   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Age.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, most reviews, even those which pointed out the important theme of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   the novel, suggested that it was not a well written one, often seeming   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   overly dramatic and too fictionalized. Even Chesnutt's friend, W.D.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Howells, was quick to attack the quality of the novel. And, as one might   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   expect, a few reviews (especially those of a Southern origin) were nothing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   but negative. Examples of these are the Atlanta Journal, Bookman, and the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Independent. Particularly scathing is that of the Independent, a magazine   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   which was considered friendly to the cause of Black rights. In a series of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   lette... ...things through a glass darkly, but we can   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   perhaps by constant iteration gradually help to undeceive them. I have   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   made an effort in this direction through my latest novel, The Marrow of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tradition." And if the novel did not become the successor to Uncle Tom's   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cabin, as Chesnutt hoped, at least, in inflaming the critical community,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   he achieved what he had desired: "to create sympathy throughout our   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   country for our cause. [...] I know I am on the weaker side in point of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   popular sympathy, but I am on the stronger side in point of justice and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   morality, and if I can but command the skill and the power to compel   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   attention, I think I will win out in the long, so far as I am personally   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   concerned, and will help the cause, which is vastly more important."   

A Bloody Christmas :: essays research papers

Creative Story: A Bloody Christmas Hurry up Joe! It's 10:15, your fifteen minutes late!" Claire screamed from outside the dressing room with a hint of a New York Accent. Claire was Santa's helper at the mall. "I'm coming!" Joe yelled back. "Stupid kids, I hate kids." Joe mumbled to himself while getting himself dressed. Joe was the Santa at the local mall. Since Joe had just been released from the mental institution for insanity, the cost of the institution wiped him out of money so he needed the job badly. When the job was offered to him he had to take it. Joe was a scrawny man. Not your usual Santa Clause. He had no rosy cheeks or round belly, he didn't have the hearty laugh nor real white hair. His ribs poked out of his skin and his stomach looked like an empty cave. His eyes were pushed into his head way more than most people, the dark rings circling his made his eyes look like they were going to pop out any second. The bones of his cheeks showed through his dry, pale skin making him look like a zombie. "Let's go now!!" Claire screeched at the top of her lungs. Claire meant this time. Quickly, Joe stumbled out of the dressing room in a clumsy fashion. Looking like he had just chugged a couple of kegs, dragged his oversized Santa coat and pants with him hopping they wouldn't fall down and left the dressing room. Joe and Claire walked toward where Santa's hut was while watching a crowd gather around it. "Ya know Claire," Joe said, "I really hate my job." "Really," replied Claire in a sarcastic tone, "Who doesn't hate little brats crawling around on your lap." Joe sat down in his special Santa chair and waited for the first child to come forward. The fist kid was about five yrs. old. Joe thought he was disgusting. The child was wearing cuarteroy overalls with a white turtleneck underneath. The cuarteroys had crusty stains of peanut butter all down the front of his navy blue overalls. Making a revolting contrast between colors. The turtleneck seemed to have lost its whiteness a long time ago. It was imbedded with red pasta sauce and olive chunks glued to the sauce. His face wasn't very attractive either. On his left cheek a piece of spagetti attached to his skin dangled and dried mucus flaked off his upper lip. Joe leaned back in remorse wishing this was all a long terrifying dream. The kid hopped on his lap and in a happy voice said, "Hi Mr.

Probability Exercice

MTH3301 Fall 2012 Practice problems Counting 1. A closet contains 6 di? erent pairs of shoes. Five shoes are drawn at random. What is the probability that at least one pair of shoes is obtained? 2. At a camera factory, an inspector checks 20 cameras and ? nds that three of them need adjustment before they can be shipped. Another employee carelessly mixes the cameras up so that no one knows which is which. Thus, the inspector must recheck the cameras one at a time until he locates all the bad ones. (a) What is the probability that no more than 17 cameras need to be rechecked? b) What is the probability that exactly 17 must be rechecked? 3. We consider permutations of the string †ABACADAFAG†. How many permutations are there? How many of them don’t have any A next to other A? How many of them have at least two A’s next to each other? 4. A monkey is typing random numerical strings of length 7 using the digits 1 through 9 (not 0). Call the digits 1, 2, and 3 â₠¬ lows†, call the digits 4, 5, and 6 †mids† and digits 7, 8 and 9 †highs†. (a) How many di? erent strings can he type? (b) How many of these strings have no mids? c) How many of these strings have only one high in them? For example, the string 1111199 has two highs in it. (d) What’s the probability that a string starts with a low and ends with a high? (e) What’s the probability that a string starts with a low or ends with a high? (f) What’s the probability that a string doesn’t have at least one of the digits 1 through 9? 5. School of Probability and Statistics (SPS) at IUA University has 13 male Moroccan professors, 8 female Moroccan professors, and 12 nonMoroccan professors. A committee of 9 professors needs to be appointed for a task. a) How many committees can be made? (b) What’s the probability 1 that the committee contains 2 Moroccan women, 3 Moroccan men, and 4 non-Moroccans? (c) What’s the probability t hat the committee contains exactly 4 nonMoroccans? (d) What’s the probability that the committee contains at least 4 nonMoroccans? (e) What’s the probability that the committee does not contain any Moroccan men? Conditional Probability, Bayes’ Theorem 1. Before the distribution of certain statistical software every fourth compact disk (CD) is tested for accuracy.The testing process consists of running four independent programs and checking the results. The failure rate for the 4 testing programs are, respectively, 0. 01, 0. 03, 0. 02 and 0. 01. (a) What is the probability that a CD was tested and failed any test? (b) Given that a CD was tested, what is the probability that it failed program 2 or 3? (c) In a sample of 100, how many CDs would you expect to be rejected? (d) Given a CD was defective, what is the probability that it was tested? 2. A regional telephone company operates three relay stations at di? rent locations. During a one-year period, the number of malfunctions reported by each station and the causes are shown below: Station Problems with electricity supplied Computer malfunction Malfunctioning electrical equipment Caused by other human errors A 2 4 5 7 B 1 3 4 7 C 1 2 2 5 Suppose that a malfunction was reported and it was found to be caused by other human errors. What is the probability that it came from station C? 3. Police plan to enforce speed limits by using radar traps at 4 di? erent locations within the city limits.The radar traps at each of the locations L1 , L2 , L3 , and L4 are operated 40%, 30%, 20%, and 30% of the time, and if a person who is speeding on his way to work has probabilities 2 0. 2, 0. 1, 0. 5 and 0. 2, respectively, of passing through these locations, what is the probability that he will receive a speeding ticket? You can assume that the radar traps operate independently of each other. 4. Jar A contains 6 red balls and 6 blue balls. Jar B contains 4 red balls and 16 green balls. A six-sided die is th rown. If the die falls †6†, a ball is chosen at random from jar A.Otherwise, a ball is chosen from Jar B. If the chosen ball is red, what is the probability that the die fell †6†? 5. The word spelled HUMOR by a person from the United States is spelled HUMOUR by a person from UK. At a party, two-thirds of the guests are from the United States and one-third from UK. A randomly chosen guest writes the word, and a letter is chosen at random from the word as written. (a) If this letter is a U, what is the probability that the guest is from UK? (b) If the letter is an H, what is the probability that the guest is from UK? 6.Jar A contains two black balls, jar B contains two white balls, and jar C contains one ball of each color. A jar is chosen at random. A ball is drawn from the chosen jar and replaced; then again a ball is drawn from that jar and replaced. If both drawings result in black balls, what is the probability that a third drawing from the same jar will a lso yield a black ball? 7. A jar contains 5 red balls and 10 blue balls. A ball is chosen at random and replaced. Then 10 balls of the same color as the chosen ball are added to the jar. A second ball is now chosen at random and seen to be red. What is the probability that the ? st ball was also red? Discrete Random Variables and their Cumulative Distribution Functions and Probability Mass Functions 1. A dice has 6 sides labelled 1 through 6, and the associated probabilities are a, b, c, d, e, and f respectively. Furthermore, you are told that P ({1, 2, 3}) = P ({4, 5, 6}). This die is tossed once and random variable X is twice the face value that showed up. Answer the following questions about X: 3 (a) What is the range space of X? (b) Draw the cumulative distribution function of X. (c) Write down the probability mass function of X. 2. A jar contains 10 balls, labelled 1 through 10.We will take 3 balls out of the jar. Let B be the random variable that is the highest label among the 3 balls withdrawn. Answer the following questions about B: (a) What is the range space of B? (b) Calculate p(b) for b = 3, 6, 10. (c) Calculate F (b) for b = 3, 6, 10. (d) Calculate P (B ? 8). 3. Consider a group of 5 blood donors, A, B, C, D, E, of whom only A and B have type O+. Blood samples will be taken from each donor in random order, until an O+ donor is reached. Let the random variable Y be the number of blood samples taken until an O+ individual is reached. (a) What is the range space of Y? b) Write down the probability mass function of Y. 4. A jar contains 15 balls, 10 of them red and 5 of them blue. Three balls are picked and let R be the random variable that is the number of red balls in these 3 drawn. (a) What is the range space of R? (b) Write down the prob. mass func. of R. (c) Write down the cumulative distr. func. of R. 5. A random variable Z has following range space and probability mass function: 4 value -3 -2. 5 0 4 12 20 probability of this value 0. 1 0. 15 0. 05 0. 3 0. 3 0. 1 (a) Draw the line graph of this PMF. (b) Write down the CDF of Z and draw its graph. (c) Calculate P (Z). . After all students have left the classroom, a probability professor notices that 4 copies of text book were forgotten behind. At the beginning of the next lecture, the professor distributes the 4 books in a completely random fashion to each of the four students who lef the books behind. Let X be the number of students who receive their own book. Determine the pmf of X. Hint: Think of permutations of 4 symbols. 7. Let X be the number of tires on a randomly selected automobile that are underin? ated. Which of the following three p(x) functions is a legitimate pmf for X, and why are the other two not allowed? p(x) p(x) p(x) 0 0. 3 0. 4 0. 4 1 0. 2 0. 1 0. 1 2 0. 1 0. 1 0. 2 3 0. 05 0. 1 0. 1 4 0. 05 0. 3 0. 3 8. In our experiment, we pick a random permutation of 1234. Let X be the number of symbols that remained in their original places. For example, if the rand om permutation is 3214, X = 2. Find the pmf of X. 9. In our experiment, we type a random string of length 6 using only the letters A, B, C, D, E, X, Y, Z. Let R be the number of letters that are occuring more than once. So, for example, if the string is †BAYEDA†, R = 1. If string is †DEBAZY†, R = 0. If string is †AABAXY†, R = 1.If string is †AABBXY†, R = 2. (a) How many elements are there in the sample space of the experiment? (b) How many elements in the range space of R? 5 (c) Calculate pR (0). (d) Calculate pR (r) for r ? 4. 8 6 (8)(6)? 7? 6? 5? 4+(8)(6)? 7? 6? 5+(1)(4)? 7? 6+(8)(6)? 7+(8)(6) 1 3 1 5 1 6 . (e) Show that pR (1) = 1 2 6 8 Continuous Random Variables and their Cumulative Distribution Functions and Probability Distribution Functions 1. A college professor never ? nishes his lecture before the bell rings to end the period and always ? nishes his lectures within 2 minutes after the bell rings.Let X equal the time that ela pses between the bell and end of the lecture and suppose the pdf of X is f (x) = kx2 0 0? x? 2 otherwise (a) Find the value of k. (b) What is the probability that the lecture ends within one minute of the bell ringing? (c) What is the probability that the lecture continues beyond the bell for between 60 and 90 seconds? (d) What is the probability that the lecture continues for at least 90 seconds beyond the bell? 2. The time X (in minutes) for a lab assistant to prepare the equipment for a certain experiment is believed to have a uniform distribution for values of X between 25 and 35. a) Write the pdf of X and sketch its graph. (b) What is the probability that the preparation time exceeds 33 min.? (c) Without computing it mathematically, what do you think is the mean value of X? (d) For any a such that 25 < a < a + 2 < 35, what is the probability that preparation time is between a and a + 2 minutes? 3. Consider the following pdf, where k and C are constants: f (x) = kC k xk+1 0 6 x? C x 50 1 625 r If the propolis content is less than 10 parts per thousand, the honey sells for 300 Dirhams per kilogram.If the propolis content is more than 40 parts per thousand, the honey sells for 200 Dirhams per kilogram (because of the too strong taste). If the propolis content is between 10 and 40 parts per thousand, the honey sells for 450 Dirhams a kilogram. Let the price of honey per kilogram be the random variable X. (a) Draw the pdf of R. (b) Determine the pmf of X. Continuous Functions of Continuous Random Variables 1. Let continuous random variable X have pdf fX (x). Let Y = |X|. Write FY (y) in terms of integral(s) of fX . 2. For more practice here, make sure you can do problems number 9 and 13 in Chapter 3 exercises in our text book. 8

Persuasive Paper: The Crucible Essay

Introduction â€Å"Those who cannot learn from history are doomed to repeat it. The violent encounters of the past contain valuable lessons about resolving conflict.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The happenings of the pasts are significant to any events occurring at any point in the present. From the fundamental ideology that past acting as blocks, the actions, decisions and every participating events that have occurred in the past predetermine the possibilities of the present, and eventually the future. In the movie, The Crucible (1953) written by Arthur Miller, the correlations of past events with the happenings of the present are largely illustrated. In different points of view, three unique angles of issues are considered the primary subjects relating to the repetitions of past and the failures of resolving the repeated conflict. For John Proctor, the native Salem farmer, he is confronted by the issues of affair with his previous maid, and maltreatment issues with his current. Meanwhile, Abigail Williams, the niece of the Reverend, has experienced being confronted by her affections and emotional attachments that damaged one relationship; however, after the incident in the past, it has now grown capable of damaging the community. Lastly, Elizabeth Proctor, the wife of John Proctor, has been confronted by trust issues towards her husband in the early parts of the movie, which eventually evolved in trust conflicts that led to the lost of her loved one. Discussion Persuasive Arguments   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The three primary characters of the movie are the best illustration of certain individuals who fail to learn from their pasts and unconsciously repeat the similar instance, yet still end up being trapped within its lairs. In the story of crucible, the plot of has revolved in a latter medieval setting wherein a community happens to fall in the social fear towards the spreading news of witchcraft. It has been initiated by a group of locals headed by Abigail Williams who happened to induce illness towards the daughter of Reverend Samuel Parris, Betty Parris. In such event, the Reverend, being concerned to his reputation than his sick daughter, has initiated the wide search against the corruptions of these so-called witches. The hunt and legal trials have all revolved in the fraud manipulation and lies brought by Abigail, which in the end corrupted various innocents of their community, including the couple, John Proctor and Elizabeth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Starting with John Proctor, his character in the movie possesses the pride of being a Salem native and the attitude of a hard-working husband. However, his past has revolved in the issue of having an affair with his former maid, Abigail. Markedly in the act 1, Abigail tries to entice and brings back the events of her past with John Proctor,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"I cannot sleep for dreamin’; I cannot dream but I wake and walk about the house   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   as though I’d find you comin’ through some door (Act 1).†   However, John denies any attraction towards her and points out that the issue of their affair should not come out to the public. Such scenario illustrates the historical mistake of Proctor, particularly in abusing his authority towards his servant. Hence, the past of Proctor is able to catch up to his present in latter portion of the story. Abigail has brought the name of his wife, Elizabeth, to the courtroom and branded her as one of the witches. Meanwhile, prior to the incidents of his first mistake with Abigail, he is still unable to learn from the conflicts produced by his abuse of authority; hence, he repeats the abuse of power towards his servant Mary Warren. Due to John’s failure of realizing the conflicts brought by his history with Abigail, his encounter with Mary has brought him within the walls when Mary branded him as the warlock who manipulated her thoughts in order to falsely accuse the locals. In the end, since Proctor is not able to learn his lessons in maltreating his first servant, the repetition of the history has brought him a more violent consequence, which leads to his death trail.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Meanwhile, Abigail is also confronted by the same incidents of repeating history and the failure of comprehending the consequences of her action. In the story, Abigail is considered the manipulative character able to entice the manhood of Proctor; hence, leading to their illegal affair. After Elizabeth discovered the affair, she decides to send out Abigail resigning her from her servitude. In defense to her soiled name and humiliated figure, she brags about Elizabeth’s dominative treatment towards her. However, due to the incident, Abigail has considerable ruined the marital relationship between John and Elizabeth, especially considering the status of Elizabeth’s trust towards her husband after the incident. Despite of the trouble she has implicated to the couple, Abigail still pursues her ambition of obtaining back Proctor, and in her preferred process, she has enticed the public with her lies and accusations of witchcraft to various women within their community including Elizabeth. During the second repetition of her conflict, Abigail now damages the lives of various women in her community (i.e. Mary Warren, Sarah Good, Goody Osborne). In the case of the couple’s relationship, Abigail’s lies and enticement have caused further dilemma to both Elizabeth and John by having them imprisoned and branded as witches.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lastly, Elizabeth Proctor, being the faithful and loving wife of John Proctor, has been confronted by her trust issues towards her husband after discovering John’s affair with Abigail. In the Act II, Elizabeth has manifested her anxiety and paranoia on the possible repetition of mistake that his husband did with their former servant. After the first incident, Elizabeth finds it hard to trust her husband and most of the time suspects him of being with Abigail. Such conflict has first resulted to the argument of the couple. However, during the second time Elizabeth’s trust to her husband is tested in Act III, Elizabeth is not able to comprehend and trust the plans of his husband. When John decides to assert the claims of his affair with Abigail in order to break the hold of Abigail to the courtroom, Elizabeth is asked to validate the statements of her husband; however, due to the conflicts of trust, and fear of tarnishing the name and pride of Salem community and her husband, she decides to deny the claims made by John. In this second encounter, the consequences have led their relationship to further shatter leaving them both separated by prison walls and the accusations of witchcraft practice made by Mary Warren against John Proctor and Abigail Williams against Elizabeth Proctor.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Evidently in the movie, the three characters have shown how history can repeat itself and further causes heightened impact during its second occurrence. Since the lessons in their pasts have been neglected, the repetitions of the conflicts have placed their present in heavier consequences. Personal Perspective   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the latter analysis of the concept through the movie – The Crucible, it is possible to conclude the philosophical truth in the initial statement, â€Å"those who cannot learn from history are doomed to repeat it.† In fact, the tragedies of the story have revolved in continuous successions of their role conflicts, particularly (1) John Proctor’s failure of recognizing his maltreatment actions over his subordinates, (2) Abigail William’s failure to realize the damages she have been implicating towards the coupe and eventually towards her community, and (3) Elizabeth Proctor’s trust issues towards her once unfaithful husband. Evidenced by the conflicts and tragedies of the story, the failure of actually realizing the decisions and activities that led to particular events possess greater possibility of occurrence in the future.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even in real life situations, from larger perspectives of society to personal experiences, negative events in the past most of the time occur in the present, especially when the primary cause/s of the problem is/are not determined. Learning from the events of the past is an essential preventive task in order to avoid the possibility of repeating the mistakes and wrong decisions created in the past. Some of the famous events that illustrate repetitive history due to the failure of undermining the triggers of these mistakes are (1) the events of World War I and its sequel – World War II, (2) Racial Civil war of Blacks and Whites leading to wide factional stereotypes which should have been resolved if the people in the past realized the indifferences only of skin and culture, (3) the bombarding of Pearl harbor to the deadly Hiroshima Bombing which should have been prevented if Japanese realize that the intents of the Pearl Harbor camp were not against the Japanese country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Evidently, the statement, â€Å"the violent encounters of the past contain valuable lessons about resolving the conflict†, can be considered a factual justification supporting the initial sentence discussed in latter portion. The happenings of the present largely depend on what has actually occurred in the past; hence, without realizing the lesions, the possible causes of mistakes, the triggers of downfall, and the fundamental wrong of acts in the past, the events of the past tend to repeat itself. Clearly, every happening in the past provide significant lessons, which can expose itself either directly or indirectly, and it is only up to humans to determine these potential resolutions. From the examples given in real-time setting, (1) World War II should have been prevented if the Japanese learned the powers of United States; (2) the Racial Civil war between Blacks and Whites should have been prevented if Whites did provide equal treatment towards Black people and based their judgment in the principles of humanity – not in the color of the skin; (3) Hiroshima Bombing should have been prevented if Japanese troops had not bombarded the pearl harbor base camps just because of an assumption of possible plan of attack plotted within the camp.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Evidently, resolutions are presented every time an incident or even when a simple outcome of decision occurs. From simple mistakes to larger scope of damages, resolutions are always born from decision that initiates an effect. From three different perspectives, the characters of John Proctor, Abigail Williams and Elizabeth Proctor, have performed actions in the past, which eventually hunted their present days.